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Bird Migration: The Incredible Journey of North American Birds (Nature Appreciation)
About the Author Naturalist, wildlife photographer and writer Stan Tekiela is the author of more than 175 field guides, nature books, childrens books, wildlife audio CDs, puzzles and playing cards, presenting many species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, trees, wildflowers and cacti in the United States. With a Bachelor of Science degree in Natural History from the University of Minnesota and as an active professional naturalist for more than 25 years, Stan studies and photographs wildlife throughout the United States and Canada. He has received various national and regional awards for his books and photographs. Also a well-known columnist and radio personality, his syndicated column appears in more than 25 newspapers and his wildlife programs are broadcast on a number of Midwest radio stations. Stan can be followed on Facebook and Twitter. He can be contacted via www.naturesmart.com. Read more Excerpt. Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved. Migration: Day or Night? Many birds migrate during the day. Hawks, cranes, storks and other birds rely on rising columns of warm air, called thermals, to carry them effortlessly upward. At the top of the air column, they glide off in the direction of travel and find another thermal to ride. Swallows, swifts and other birds that eat flying insects migrate during the day, feeding while they fly. Many other birds, such as woodpeckers, jays, bluebirds, robins and blackbirds, take short flights during their trips and stop to feed. Typically, it takes these birds slightly longer to arrive at their destinations. Daytime migrants usually start the day promptly at dawn and spend their first couple of hours feeding. Migration gets underway shortly afterward, with peak numbers of birds taking off at around 10 a.m. Most of these birds will feed again at the end of the day before resting for the night. However, the majority of small birds, known as the passerines, migrate almost exclusively at night. Most of these birds start migrating about 30 minutes after sunset, during the hour of twilight. Passerines usually migrate by themselves, not in large flocks. Other individual birds may be migrating at night and going in the same direction, but they arent flying on the passerine schedule. Modern radar and radio tracking devices have shown that the number of birds migrating at night starts out slow. At around midnight, it begins to build to a peak. When sunrise nears, the numbers taper off, with most nighttime migrants landing before daylight. Migratory Flyways Many birds use landforms to help guide them along during migration. Mountain ranges, large canyons, rivers, oceans and other geologic features are easy to spot from the air. They help birds to know where they are, especially when theyve seen the topography before. Many of our waterfowl migrate up and down one of the four major flyways. The Atlantic Flyway covers most of the East Coast. The Mississippi Flyway extends over the central part of the country. The Central Flyway starts at the Missouri River and includes western states up to the Rocky Mountains. The Pacific Flyway runs north and south along the West Coast. Each spring and fall, millions of birds use these flyways to migrate. In fact, the flyways are some of the best places to see migrating birds. Magnetic Compass Scientists have long assumed that birds use some kind of magnetic compass to help with navigation. Proof came when researchers positioned Helmholtz coils at right angles to each other and placed them around a caged European Robin. By changing the amount of electricity running through the coils, the researchers were able to create magnetic fields and manipulate the direction of north and south within the birdcage. To ensure that the experiment had only one variable, the robin was prevented from seeing the sun and stars for many weeks prior to the test. The researchers used the apparatus to alternate the direction of the magnetic fields, and the robins orientation responded in kind each time, proving that birds use magnetic fields to help with their navigation. Read more
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