WASHINGTON Black Steve Largent Jersey , Feb. 19 (Xinhua) -- Much of the damage that ultraviolet radiation (UV) does to skin occurs hours after sun exposure, and this delayed reaction appears to be due to the skin pigment melanin, a U.S. study said Thursday.
Melanin, which gives skin its color, is usually thought of as a protective pigment, blocking the UV radiation that damages DNA and contributes to skin cancer.
But there was also evidence from studies suggesting that melanin was associated with skin cell damage.
In the new study Frank Clark Jersey , Douglas Brash, professor of the Yale University, and his colleagues first exposed mouse and human melanocytes, the cells that make the melanin, to radiation from a UV lamp.
The radiation caused a type of DNA damage known as a cyclobutane dimer (CPD), in which two DNA "letters" attach and bend the DNA Rees Odhiambo Jersey , preventing the information it contains from being read correctly.
The researchers were surprised to find that the melanocytes not only generated CPDs immediately but continued to do so more than three hours after UV exposure ended. Cells without melanin generated CPDs only during the UV exposure.
The results, published in the U.S. journal Science, showed that melanin had both carcinogenic and protective effects.
"If you look inside adult skin, melanin does protect against CPDs. It does act as a shield," said Brash. "But it is doing both good and bad things."
The researchers next tested the extent of damage that occurred after sun exposure by preventing normal DNA repair in mouse samples. They found that half of the CPDs in melanocytes were " dark CPDs" -- CPDs created in the dark.
Further research showed that the UV light activated two enzymes that combined to "excite" an electron in melanin, and that the energy generated from this process Jarran Reed Jersey , known as chemiexcitation, in turn, causes the same DNA damage that sunlight caused in daytime.
Chemiexcitation has previously been seen only in lower plants and animals.
While noting that news of the carcinogenic effect of melanin is disconcerting, the researchers also said that the slowness of chemiexcitation may allow time for new preventive tools, such as an "evening-after" sunscreen designed to block the energy transfer.
BRUSSELS, Sept. 19 (Xinhua) -- The European Commission on Tuesday proposed a framework that abolishes data localisation requirements while ensuring access rights to competent authorities for regulatory control.
According to a statement of the Commission Germain Ifedi Jersey , the new measures create a common European data space, which is a key element of the Digital Single Market strategy.
The framework will enable the free movement of data within the European Union (EU) for companies, public administrations and citizens in four key elements, said the Commission.
First, it supports the proper functioning of the internal market by ensuring the free movement of non-personal data within the bloc. Second, it ensures that competent authorities have access to data stored or processed in another member state in order to be able to perform their tasks in line with their regulatory mandate.
Third Tedric Thompson Jersey , it encourages the development of self-regulatory codes of conduct in order to make it easier to switch cloud service providers. Last, it establishes a single point of contact per member state to liaise with other member states' contact points and the Commission to ensure the effective application of the new rules on the free flow of non-personal data.
Removing data localisation restrictions is considered the most important factor for the data economy to unlock its full potential, and to grow up to 739 billion euros (885 billion U.S. dollars) in 2020, said the statement, while current data localisation restrictions by member states' public authorities and obstacles to the movement of data across IT systems prevent business and organisations in the EU from capturing economic, social and business opportunities.
Notably Amara Darboh Jersey , the new framework for the free movement of non-personal data complements already existing legislation for personal data which will enter into application on May 25, 2018, which means a high level of protection for personal data will be ensured, said the Commission.
Besides, the framework only covers data mobility within the bloc and it primarily affects businesses and business users of data storage of other processing services, or individuals acting in professional capacity.
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Long Island Marketing & Why Teens Are Avoiding Facebook May 15, 2014 | Author: Robert Sutter | Posted in Marketing
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CNNMoney went into detail about this subject and it seems as though it is one
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